Open-mid central rounded vowel
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The open-mid central rounded vowel, or low-mid central rounded vowel,cite-ref-1[1] is a vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɞ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is 3\. The symbol is called closed reversed epsilon. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ɔ̈⟩.
IPA charts were first published with this vowel transcribed as a closed epsilon, ⟨ʚ⟩ (that is, a closed variant of ⟨ɛ⟩, much as the high-mid vowel letter ⟨ɵ⟩ is a closed variant of ⟨e⟩), and this variant made its way into Unicode as U+029A ʚ LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OPEN E. The IPA charts were later changed to the current closed reversed epsilon ⟨ɞ⟩, and this was adopted into Unicode as U+025E ɞ LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E.
Contents
• Features
• Notes
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Features
• Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
• Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
• It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.
Occurrence
| Language | Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans [ 2 ] | Afrikaans [ 2 ] | l u g | [lɞχ] | 'air' | Also been described as mid [ ɞ̝ ] , typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ œ ⟩. Many speakers merge /œ/ with /ə/ , even in formal speech. [ 3 ] See Afrikaans phonology |
| English | Irish [ 4 ] | m u nch | [mɞnt̠͡ʃ] | 'munch' | Corresponds to [ ʌ ] in other varieties. See English phonology |
| English | New Zealand [ 5 ] | n o t | [nɞʔt] | 'not' | Possible realization of /ɒ/ . [ 5 ] See New Zealand English phonology |
| Faroese [ 6 ] | Faroese [ 6 ] | h ø gur | [ˈhɞːʋʊɹ] | 'high' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ øː ⟩. See Faroese phonology |
| French | Parisian [ 7 ] | p o rt | [pɞːꭓ] | 'port', 'harbour' | Described variously as an allophone of /ɔ/ before /ʁ/ [ 8 ] and as the default allophone of /ɔ/ . [ 7 ] See French phonology |
| German | Chemnitz dialect [ 9 ] | W o nne | [ˈv̞ɞnə] | 'bliss' | May be transcribed as ⟨ ɞ̝ ⟩ though ⟨ ɞ ⟩ is typically used. [ 9 ] |
| Irish | Irish | t omha il | [t̪ˠɞːlʲ] | 'consume' (imp.) | See Irish phonology |
| Kashubian | Kashubian | pt ô ch | [ptɞx] | 'bird' | |
| Koyukon | Koyukon | - ʉ ghdonaanh | [ɞɣtɔːnæːn̥] | 'son-in-law' | |
| Limburgish | Maastrichtian [ 10 ] | l ui | [lɞː] | 'lazy' | Allophone of /œy/ in words with Accent 2. May be slightly diphthongal [ɞɵ] itself. It contrasts with the near-open [ ɐ̹ː ] in words with Accent 2 ( [ɐ̹ː] itself is always toneless). [ 11 ] It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ œː ⟩, as it is a phonological front vowel. |
| Mortlockese [ 12 ] | Mortlockese [ 12 ] | m é r | [mɞr] | 'to sleep' | Phonemic vowel. |
| Mwerlap [ 13 ] | Mwerlap [ 13 ] | N̄w ë rlap | [ŋʷɞrˈlap] | ' Merelava ' | |
| Navajo [ 14 ] | Navajo [ 14 ] | ts o sts’id | [tsʰɞstsˈɪt] | 'seven' | See Navajo phonology |
| Northern Tiwa | Taos dialect | ącut'u o nbo | [ʔãˌtʃʊt̚ːˈʔuɞnbɑ] | 'his-garment-around' | Allophone of /ɑ/ . See Taos phonology |
| Panará [ 15 ] | Panará [ 15 ] | [kɾə'kɞ] | [kɾə'kɞ] | 'trousers' | Contrasts with [ə] . [ 16 ] |
| Poitevin | Poitevin | o doune | [ɞ dun] | 'he gives' | |
| West Frisian | Southwestern dialects [ 17 ] | b oa re | [ˈbɞːrə] | 'tomcat' | Corresponds to [wa] in other dialects. [ 17 ] See West Frisian phonology |
Notes
cite-note-11. ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
cite-note-footnotewissing2012711-21. Wissing (2012), p. 711.
cite-note-footnotewissing2016section-the-rounded-and-unrounded-mid-central-vowels-32. Wissing (2016), section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels".
cite-note-footnotewells1982422-43. Wells (1982), p. 422.
cite-note-footnotebauerwarrenbardsleykennedy200798-54. Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
cite-note-65. Peterson (2000), cited in Árnason (2011:76)
cite-note-footnotecollinsmees2013225-76. Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
cite-note-footnotefougeronsmith199373-87. Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
cite-note-footnotekhanweise2013236-98. Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
cite-note-footnotegussenhovenaarts1999159-161-162-109. Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 159, 161–162.
cite-note-footnotegussenhovenaarts1999159-161-162-164-1110. Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 159, 161–162, 164.
cite-note-1211. "Mortlockese dictionary.pdf". Google Docs. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
cite-note-1312. François (2005: 445, 460).
cite-note-1413. McDonough, Ladefoged & George (1993). The authors gave a narrow transcription of [ɵ], though at the time the IPA had only this one symbol for a mid central rounded vowel, and it is clear from the discussion and formant charts that this vowel a centralized open-mid vowel.
cite-note-footnotevasconcelos2013182-183-1514. Vasconcelos (2013), pp. 182, 183.
cite-note-footnotevasconcelos2013182-1615. Vasconcelos (2013), p. 182.
cite-note-hh-1716. Hoekstra (2003:202), citing Hof (1933:14)
References
• citeref-rnason2011Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199229314
• citerefbauerwarrenbardsleykennedy2007Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
• citerefcollinsmees2013Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
• citerefhoekstra2003Hoekstra, Jarich (2003), "Frisian. Standardization in progress of a language in decay" (PDF), Germanic Standardizations. Past to Present, vol. 18, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 193–209, ISBN 978-90-272-1856-8
• citerefhof1933Hof, Jan Jelles (1933), Friesche Dialectgeographie (PDF), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-07
• citerefkhanweise2013Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013). "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (2): 231–241. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145.
• citerefmcdonoughladefogedgeorge1993McDonough, Joyce; Ladefoged, Peter; George, Helen (1993), "Navajo Vowels and Phonetic Universal Tendencies", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages, 84: 143–150
• citerefpeterson2000Peterson, Hjalmar P. (2000), "Mátingar af sjálvljóðum í føruyskum", Málting, 28: 37–43
• citerefwells1982Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. II: The British Isles, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28541-0
• citerefwissing2012Wissing, Daan (2012), "Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale: 'n beskrywingsraamwerk", LitNet Akademies (in Afrikaans), 9 (2), Stellenbosch: LitNet: 701–743, ISSN 1995-5928, archived from the original on 15 April 2017, retrieved 16 April 2017
• citerefwissing2016Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
• citerefvasconcelos2013Vasconcelos, Eduardo A. (2013). Investigando a hipótese Cayapó do Sul-Panará (PhD). Campinas: University of Campinas. doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2013.929939. hdl:20.500.12733/1622968.
External links